Lebitazio magnetikoaren oinarri fisikoak
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Date
2018-12-21Author
Zurutuza García, Jon
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[EU] Historian zehar, lebitazio-fenomenoek gizakiongan jakin-nahi handia sorrarazi dute. Lebitazio-metodo desberdinak garatu dira, ikerketa eta aplikazio teknologikoetarako, eta baita jostailu edo gadget modura ere, besteak beste, aerodinamikoa, akustikoa, optikoa, elektrikoa eta magnetikoa. Horien artean, lebitazio magnetikoa oso emankorra bilakatu da, eta horren adibide ditugu marruskadura ekiditen duten Maglev trenak. Lebitazio magnetikoa lan honen ardatz nagusia bada ere, hasieran beste lebitazio-metodoen funtsak deskribatuko dira. Horrenbestez, lebitazio magnetikoa lortzeko behar diren baldintza fisikoak azalduko dira eta lebitatzen duen objektuaren egonkortasuna aztertzeko erabiltzen diren tresna matematikoen berri emango da. Adibide gisa, elektroimanen bidezko suspentsioa eta indukzio elektromagnetikoan oinarritzen den Thomson-en eraztunaren sistema deskribatuko dira. Ondoren, azken hamarkadetan zientzialarien arreta handia piztu duten bi materialetan oinarritutako lebitazioa deskribatuko da. Alde batetik, supereroaleek aurkezten duten Meissner efektuaren bidezko lebitazio magnetikoa eta, bestetik, metamaterialen bitartez lor daitezkeen lebitazio elektrikoa eta magnetikoa, eta horien oinarriak aztertuko dira. [EN] Throughout history, levitation phenomena have been intriguing to humans. Different levitation
methods have been developed for research and technological applications, as well as toys or
gadgets,such as aerodynamic, acoustic, optic, electric and magnetic. Among them, magnetic levitation has
become highly fruitful, with examples of Maglev trains that avoid friction. Although magnetic
levitation is the main focus of this work, the bases of other levitation methods will be described
at the beginning. Therefore, the physical conditions required to obtain magnetic levitation will be
explained and the mathematical tools used to analyze the stability of the object that is levitated
will be reported. As an example, suspension using electromagnets and the Thomson ring system,
which is based on electromagnetic induction, will be described. Next, the levitation based on two
materials that have sparked scientists’ interest over the last decades will be described. On the one
hand, the magnetic levitation through the Meissner effect in superconductors and, on the other
hand, the electric and magnetic levitation that can be obtained through metamaterials, and their
bases will be analyzed.