Modelling ecosystem services trade-offs in agricultural systems

Abstract

*Agriculture is a source of provisioning, regulating and cultural ecosystem services, and depends on them to function. *Reducing negative trade-offs and identifying potential synergies between ecosystem services demands a better understanding of the impact of farm management on their provision. *An ecosystem-based approach to food security is advocated to avoid major negative repercussions to society. *Novel methods such as semantic meta-modelling are necessary to improve ecosystem services management. *In Álava, it is possible to significantly reduce emissions using informed farming practices.