Ramadan Observance Exacerbated the Negative Effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep and Training Behaviors: A International Survey on 1,681 Muslim Athletes

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Date
2022-06
Author
Romdhani, Mohamed
Ammar, Achraf
Trabelsi, Khaled
Chtourou, Hamdi
Vitale, Jacopo A.
Masmoudi, Liwa
Nédélec, Mathieu
Rae, Dale E.
Al Horani, Ramzi A.
Ben Saad, Helmi
Bragazzi, Nicola
Dönmez, Gürhan
Dergaa, Ismail
Driss, Tarak
Farooq, Abdulaziz
Hammouda, Omar
Harroum, Nesrine
Hassanmirzaei, Bahar
Khalladi, Karim
Khemila, Syrine
Mataruna Dos Santos, Leonardo Jose
Moussa Chamari, Imen
Mujika Antón, Iñigo ORCID
Muñoz Helú, Hussein
Fashkhami, Amin Norouzi
Paineiras Domingos, Laisa Liane
Khaneghah, Mehrshad Rahbari
Saita, Yoshimoto
Souabni, Maher
Souissi, Nizar
Washif, Jad Adrian
Weber, Johanna
Zmijewski, Piotr
Taylor, Lee
Gabarino, Sergio
Chamari, Karim
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Frontiers in Nutrition 9 : (2022) // Article ID 925092
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10810/57857
Abstract
ObjectiveDisrupted sleep and training behaviors in athletes have been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed at investigating the combined effects of Ramadan observance and COVID-19 related lockdown in Muslim athletes. MethodsFrom an international sample of athletes (n = 3,911), 1,681 Muslim athletes (from 44 countries; 25.1 +/- 8.7 years, 38% females, 41% elite, 51% team sport athletes) answered a retrospective, cross-sectional questionnaire relating to their behavioral habits pre- and during- COVID-19 lockdown, including: (i) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI); (ii) insomnia severity index (ISI); (iii) bespoke questions about training, napping, and eating behaviors, and (iv) questions related to training and sleep behaviors during-lockdown and Ramadan compared to lockdown outside of Ramadan. The survey was disseminated predominately through social media, opening 8 July and closing 30 September 2020. ResultsThe lockdown reduced sleep quality and increased insomnia severity (both p < 0.001). Compared to non-Muslim (n = 2,230), Muslim athletes reported higher PSQI and ISI scores during-lockdown (both p < 0.001), but not pre-lockdown (p > 0.05). Muslim athletes reported longer (p < 0.001; d = 0.29) and later (p < 0.001; d = 0.14) daytime naps, and an increase in late-night meals (p < 0.001; d = 0.49) during- compared to pre-lockdown, associated with lower sleep quality (all p < 0.001). Both sleep quality (chi(2) = 222.6; p < 0.001) and training volume (chi(2) = 342.4; p < 0.001) were lower during-lockdown and Ramadan compared to lockdown outside of Ramadan in the Muslims athletes. ConclusionMuslim athletes reported lower sleep quality and higher insomnia severity during- compared to pre-lockdown, and this was exacerbated by Ramadan observance. Therefore, further attention to Muslim athletes is warranted when a circadian disrupter (e.g., lockdown) occurs during Ramadan.
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© 2022 Romdhani, Ammar, Trabelsi, Chtourou, Vitale, Masmoudi, Nédélec, Rae, Al Horani, Ben Saad, Bragazzi, Dönmez, Dergaa, Driss, Farooq, Hammouda, Harroum, Hassanmirzaei, Khalladi, Khemila, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Moussa-Chamari, Mujika, Muñoz Helú, Norouzi Fashkhami, Paineiras-Domingos, Khaneghah, Saita, Souabni, Souissi, Washif, Weber, Zmijewski, Taylor, Garbarino and Chamari. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 2022 Romdhani, Ammar, Trabelsi, Chtourou, Vitale, Masmoudi, Nédélec, Rae, Al Horani, Ben Saad, Bragazzi, Dönmez, Dergaa, Driss, Farooq, Hammouda, Harroum, Hassanmirzaei, Khalladi, Khemila, Mataruna-Dos-Santos, Moussa-Chamari, Mujika, Muñoz Helú, Norouzi Fashkhami, Paineiras-Domingos, Khaneghah, Saita, Souabni, Souissi, Washif, Weber, Zmijewski, Taylor, Garbarino and Chamari. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.