Euskal landa-arkitekturako eredu tradizionalaren eraikuntza-bilakaeraren eragina portaera higrotermiko pasiboan: Lea ibarreko kasu-azterketa

Abstract

Energia-oreka eta -eraginkortasun handiko estrategia pasiboak ditu ezaugarri arkitektura tradizionalak. Izan ere, tokiko ingurumen-baldintzen eta eraikinaren eraikuntza-ezaugarrien arteko interakzioa gertatzen da beraren barnean, eta bi aldagai horien erlazioaren menpe dago barneko giroa. Euskal etxe-eredu tradizionalaren barneko portaera higrotermiko pasiboari aldian-aldian eginiko eraikuntza-egokitzapenek eragindako eboluzioa eta bilakaera aztertzen ditu artikulu honek. Horiek jorratzeko, Lea ibarreko arkitektura tradizionala hautatu da ikerketa-eremutzat. Bizkaiko ekialdeko ibar bat da, klima epel eta hezekoa. Hango baserrien eraikuntza-ezaugarriak, xv. mendean arkitektura-eredu gisa sortuz geroztik, behin eta berriz izan dira eraldatuak, gizarte-bilakaerak eta bestelako eskakizunak tarteko; eraldaketa horiek, bestalde, eraikinon portaera higrotermiko pasiboaren eboluzioa ere ekarri izan dute. Landa-azterketaren ondorioz, lehenik eta behin, lekuko arkitektura tradizionalaren eraikuntza-sistemaren eboluzioaren azterketa egin da eredu adierazgarrienak zehazte aldera; ondoren, eredu horietako Tenperatura Operatiboaren [oC] eta Hezetasun Erlatiboaren [%] datuak biltzeko, simulazio energetikoa egin da Design Builder v.5.0.1.024 softwarea baliatuz. Azkenik, eskuraturiko datuok kronologikoki alderatu dira, neguko, udako eta tarteko urte-sasoietako eguneko balioen arabera, eta hortik eskuratu eraikuntzaren eboluzioak zer-nolako eragina izan ote duen barneko portaera higrotermikoan.; Traditional architecture presents energy balance and high-efficiency passive strategies as a function of the outdoor environmental conditions and the characteristics of the construction of the building. Therefore, the indoor environment depends on the relationship between the both of them. The main objective of this article is to diagnose and determine the evolution of the indoor passive hygrothermal behaviour of the tradi-tional Basque architectural model as a consequence of its historically successive con-structive adaptation. For that purpose, the traditional architecture of Lea River valley, which is located in the Historical Territory of Bizkaia and characterized by a temper-ate-humid climate, has been analysed. Since its origin in the 15th century as an "archi-tectural model", it has suffered from many constructive adaptive solutions due to the social, economic and technical demands, which have also implied the evolution or var-iation of its passive hygrothermal behaviour. The in-situ constructive data collection has led to define the most representative models in order to obtain the base behaviour diagnosis. The two hygrothermal variables, that is, the Operative Temperature [ºC] and Relative Humidity [%], have been obtained from computational models that have been defined by the energy simulation Design Builder v. 5.0.1.024 programme. The ob-tained data has been collected according to the external environmental conditions and the building type. Finally, the results have been summarized and chronologically com-pared based on daily basis of winter, summer and mid-season division.