Garapenaren eredu teorikoak

Abstract

Giza garapenean eragina dute norberaren testuinguru fisiko eta sozialen alderdiek. Hala ere, gizabanakoak desberdinak dira ingurunearekiko sentsibilitatean eta hari erantzuteko gaitasunean, senti-beragoak direlarik banako batzuk ingurune-baldintza berberen aurrean. Tradizioz, desberdintasun indibidual hauek diatesi-estresaren eredutik aztertu izan dira. Eredu horren arabera, pertsona batzuk, beren zaurgarritasun-ezaugarri endogenoengatik, neurri gabe zaurgarriak dira esperientzia negatiboen edo ondorio kaltegarrien aurrean, zaurgarritasun txikiagoko banakoekin alderatuta. Ikuspegi ebolutiboari jarraituta, badaude beste bi eredu teoriko, sentikortasun diferentzialaren eredua eta testuinguruarekiko sentsibilitate biologikoaren eredua, zeinek dioten gizabanako batzuek, sentikortasunaren ezaugarri indibidualengatik, neurrigabeago jasaten dituztela ingurumen-eragin negatibo zein positiboak. Hortaz, ingurune positiboetatik onura gehiago jasotzen dute, eta, aldi berean, zaurgarriagoak dira ingurune negatiboen aurrean. Azkenik, badago beste teoria berriago bat, sentsibilitate abantailatsuaren eredua, zeinak proposatzen duen gizabanako batzuek, beren sentikortasun-faktoreengatik, sentikorragoak direla ingurumen-abantailekin edo testuinguru positiboekin, eta onura ateratzen dutela horretatik, eta, hortaz, banako hauek abantailadunak direla ahalmen hori ez dutenen aldean.; Human development is influenced by several aspect of their physical and social environment. However, individual differences in the sensitivity and capacity of response to the environment have been observed, as some individuals are more sensitive to the same environmental conditions. Traditionally, these differences have been analyzed from the diathesis-stress theory, which postulates that some individuals are particularly vulnerable to negative experiences or adverse environmental influences due to their endogenous traits when compared with their less vulnerable counterparts. Consistent with the evolutionary view, there are other theoretical models, the differential susceptibility theory and the biological sensitivity to context theory. These theories assume that some individuals, due to their susceptibility factors, are more susceptible to negative and positive environmental influences. Therefore, they benefit more from positive environments, while at the same time are more vulnerable to negative ones than the non-susceptible individuals. Finally, there is another theory, the vantage sensitivity theory, which proposes that some individuals, because of their vantage sensitivity factors, are more sensitive to positive environments benefitting from those, what constitutes an advantage over those who do not have that ability of respond.