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dc.contributor.authorEstévez Danta, Andrea
dc.contributor.authorMontes, Rosa
dc.contributor.authorBijlsma, Lubertus
dc.contributor.authorCela Torrijos, Rafael
dc.contributor.authorCelma, Alberto
dc.contributor.authorGonzález Mariño, Iria
dc.contributor.authorMiró Lladó, Manuel
dc.contributor.authorGutmann, Vanessa
dc.contributor.authorPérez de San Román Landa, Unai
dc.contributor.authorPrieto Sobrino, Ailette
dc.contributor.authorVentura, Mireia
dc.contributor.authorRodil Rodríguez, María del Rosario
dc.contributor.authorQuintana Álvarez, José Benito
dc.date.accessioned2021-12-01T08:58:22Z
dc.date.available2021-12-01T08:58:22Z
dc.date.issued2021-11-01
dc.identifier.citationWater Research 206 : (2021) // Article ID 117719es_ES
dc.identifier.issn0043-1354
dc.identifier.issn1879-2448
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10810/54237
dc.description.abstract[EN]Amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MAMP) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) occur in wastewater not only as a result of illicit consumption, but also, in some cases, from prescription drug use or by direct drug disposal into the sewage system. Enantiomeric profiling of these chiral drugs could give more insight into the origin of their occurrence. In this manuscript, a new analytical methodology for the enantiomeric analysis of amphetamine-like substances in wastewater has been developed. The method consists of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which showed low quantification limits in the 2.4-5.5 ng L-1 range. The LC-MS/MS method was first applied to characterize a total of 38 solid street drug samples anonymously provided by consumers. The results of these analysis showed that AMP and MDMA trafficked into Spain are synthesized as racemate, while MAMP is exclusively produced as the S(+)-enantiomer. Then, the analytical method was employed to analyse urban wastewater samples collected from the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of five different cities in 2018 and 2019. Consumption estimated through normalized population loads in wastewater showed an increased pattern of AMP use in the Basque Country. Furthermore, the enantiomeric profiling of wastewater samples was contrasted to lisdexamfetamine (LIS) and selegiline (SEL) prescription figures, two pharmaceuticals which metabolize to S(+)-AMP, and to R(-)-AMP and R(-)-MAMP, respectively. From this analysis, and considering uncertainties derived from metabolism and adherence to treatment, it was concluded that LIS is a relevant source of AMP in those cases with low wastewater loads, i.e. up to a maximum of 60% of AMP detected in wastewater in some samples could originate from LIS prescription, while SEL does not represent a significant source of AMP nor MAMP. Finally, removal efficiencies could be evaluated for the WWTP (serving ca. 860,000 inhabitants) with higher AMP influent concentrations. The removal of AMP was satisfactory with rates higher than 99%, whereas MDMA showed an average removal of approximately 60%, accompanied by an enrichment of R(-)-MDMA.es_ES
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study was supported by MINECO/MICINN/AEI projects (CTM2016-81935-REDT, CTM2017-84763-C3-2-R, CTM2017-84763-C3-1-R, CTM2017-84763-C3-3-R, PID2020117686RB-C32, PID2020-117686RB-C31, PID2020-117686RB-C33), Galician Council of Culture, Education and Universities (ED481D-2017/003, ED431C-2017/36, ED481A-2020/258 and ED431C 2021/06), cofounded by FEDER/ERDF. UJI authors acknowledge the financial support of Generalitat Valenciana (Excellence Research Group, Prometeo 2019/040). Alberto Celma acknowledges the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for his predoctoral Grant (BES-2016076914). Vanessa Gutmann acknowledges the support of the ERASMUS+ program.es_ES
dc.language.isoenges_ES
dc.publisherElsevieres_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/CTM2016-81935-REDTes_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/CTM2017-84763-C3-2-Res_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/CTM2017-84763-C3-1-Res_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/CTM2017-84763-C3-3-Res_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/PID2020117686RB-C32es_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/PID2020-117686RB-C31es_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/PID2020-117686RB-C33es_ES
dc.relationinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MICINN/BES-2016-076914es_ES
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesses_ES
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/*
dc.subjectdrug abusees_ES
dc.subjectchiral drugses_ES
dc.subjectenantiomerses_ES
dc.subjectsewagees_ES
dc.subjectwastewater based epidemiologyes_ES
dc.subjectprescriptiones_ES
dc.titleSource identification of amphetamine-like stimulants in Spanish wastewater through enantiomeric profilinges_ES
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlees_ES
dc.rights.holder© 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)es_ES
dc.rights.holderAtribución 3.0 España*
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135421009131?via%3Dihubes_ES
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.watres.2021.117719
dc.departamentoesQuímica analíticaes_ES
dc.departamentoeuKimika analitikoaes_ES


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© 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)