Emissions generated by electric vehicles in the 9-500 kHz band: Characterization, propagation, and interaction

Abstract

Electric Vehicle Charging Processes (EVCPs), due to the involved power electronics with high-switching frequencies, generate high-amplitude emissions that could have a negative impact on Power Quality (PQ) and Narrowband Power Line Communications (NB-PLC) systems. In this context, this paper deals, first, with the frequency and time characterization of the disturbances generated by four EVCPs in the 9-500 kHz frequency range. The study is based on measurements carried out in a controlled Low Voltage (LV) grid. For this purpose, a novel procedure for the frequency and time characterization is proposed. The frequency characterization is based on the calculation of a set of parameters, which allows evaluating not only the amplitude of the disturbances in the frequency band under analysis, but also their spectral distribution. The time variability is characterized by means of a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis that leads to a simplified model to evaluate the time-dependent behavior of the disturbances, which shows a sub-cycle periodic pattern of the emissions in the frequency band of interest. Second, the propagation of the previously characterized emissions is analyzed, concluding that they propagate several meters through the LV grid. Although in most cases the disturbances are attenuated with distance, there might be resonances that lead to higher amplitudes at an electrical point distant from the source of the emissions. Finally, the influence of the simultaneous charging of several EVs is studied. The results show that, in general, the amplitudes correspond to the superposition of the individual disturbances, in addition to intermodulation products due to the switching frequencies of the inverters.