Abstract
The adoption of environmental management systems (EMSs) based on standards such
as ISO 14001 and EMAS (Eco-Management and Audit Scheme) has become very popular and the
academic literature has studied the adoption of these standards extensively. However, the variety of
ways in which EMSs are adopted and internalized has not been fully analyzed and the few studies
that have analyzed this issue have focused on the analysis of the outcomes of just one of the main
reference standards for EMSs, namely, ISO 14001. Considering this shortcoming in the literature,
this work contributes to the empirical literature on the analysis of the adoption of standards for
EMS by analyzing the case of the three main reference models used by organizations: ISO 14001,
EMAS, and the alternative models for EMSs. The present work summarizes conclusions of interest
for the di erent stakeholders involved in the adoption of EMSs. Implications for scholars and other
stakeholders are discussed. It is recommended that further studies should focus on the analysis of
the real e ects of the adoption of the main standards for EMSs.